Associations software engineering

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It it not a pattern, it is a principle and it may apply to logic and data alike. It is just a basic benefit of using classes in the first place, not something you would see explicitly stated in a diagram or design document. This is a very loose concept that basically describes just a dependency between objects.

One object knows about the existence of another object and may use its functionality at some point. In a diagram the association would alert you that there is a dependency and that changing one object may impact the other. It is not a technique to apply when you have some problem to solve, it is more like a fact of life you should be aware of when it is there. It is a relationship. Like an invoice having an Orders property.

Both Order and Invoice have their own life cycle. One is about goods and the other is about payment, which essentially makes them independent but it is important to know what goods are being payed for. I am adding this because it belongs in the series and will make aggregation more meaningful. I do not hear the term being used in a SE context a lot anymore but I think it is still useful.

Containment implies encapsulation but is strictly about object instances private to the containing class. The functionality of the contained objects is selectively exposed through public interfaces. The containing class controls the life cycle of the controlled objects.

You use this when you need some features of an existing class to make the containing class functional. As a metaphor, think of the contained object as a back office worker. Clients never meet these people yet they are needed to provide the service.

This is a lot like containment except for the life cycle control and visibility of the aggregated objects. The aggregated objects are already available in a different context and are managed by a different entity. The aggregator is merely offering a facade, a portal to the aggregated objects. When the client addresses the aggregate, it gets the interface of the aggregate object itself, not a wrapper around it.

The point of the aggregate is offering a logical grouping of things. Think of an access point to services or some other wrapper object. It seems to me this is the more contemporary term for containment, possibly because it was coined in a popular book of relatively recent origin.

Where containment focusses on the technical aspects of object relationships, composition is typically used in the context of design decisions, more specifically as a more flexible alternative for inheritance. It does not say much about the nature of object relationships or ownership, it merely indicates that functionality is implemented by combining the functionality of existing classes. Therefore I would argue it does not belong in this series because it does not say anything about the technical aspects of an implementation where the others do.

The point of using patterns, practices and such is to describe a solution to a specific problem that is also maintainable and extensible. You simply need to get enough experience to tell where to use which pattern or technique.

I frankly feel that these notions being taught at academic do have their importance in the contexts of object orientation and class design. These concepts aid us a lot when it comes to modelling a system from the scratch. Association, Aggregation and Composition belong exclusively to UML's class diagram and are completely independent of technology constraints like memory issues.

Furthermore, you also have to consider the higher level or business goals of the system you are modelling. We have objects like House and Room in our system under consideration, but cannot be strongly related via composition. For instance, if I am modelling a real estate system then I might have to know what room belongs to what house. But lets that I am modelling a surveying or census system where i want to know how many people are living in each room of the house in a certain area, then I just do not need to relate a room with a house via composition.

Another example could be of an orchard and certain kind of fruit. Lets say I can only consider an orchard when I have apple trees planted inside it.